A Russian soldier reading a letter from home on the approaches to Gudermes. Photographer: Vladimir Vyalkin, November 1999. [800×525]

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      In 1999, Gudermes, the second-largest city in Chechnya, became a key strategic city during the opening months of the Second Chechen War. Following the invasion of Dagestan by Chechen-based Islamic forces in August 1999 and subsequent Russian apartment bombings, Russian forces launched a major offensive into Chechnya.

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