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    1. The oldest known mention of clitoris and an obscene word for ‘vagina’ in all of Slavic written artifacts. Birch bark letters from Novgorod and other archaeological sources from the 11th–14th centuries show that women in Ancient Rus’ had significant social freedoms. They actively discussed marriage plans, advised each other on potential husbands, and used sexually explicit language in private correspondence. Women could initiate or influence marital arrangements, manage household finances, participate in economic transactions, and control dowries. Marriage decisions were often made within the family or peer circle rather than being strictly dictated by the church or state. In urban centers like Novgorod, women’s involvement in trade and household affairs further increased their autonomy. Folk songs, wedding rituals, and letters indicate that women openly expressed desires, humor, and opinions regarding partners, sexual desires and sympathies, showing that intimate life and social interactions were largely guided by personal choice rather than rigid norms.

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