The Indus Valley Civilization, centered in Pakistan and spread to some small parts of India, built ancient cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (in Pakistan) with grid layouts, sewage systems, and standardized bricks. Though their writing remains unread, they traded with Mesopotamia and Persia. Around 1900 BCE, droughts and shifting rivers likely caused their decline. Archaeologists rediscovered their ruins in the 1920s, challenging earlier assumptions about South Asia’s ancient history.
by Mughal_Royalty